3d thermoformed element

ABSTRACT

A three-dimensional, vacuum thermal insulating element comprising a compressed three-dimensional porous structure, an envelope closed in an airtight manner comprising a thermoformable barrier wall, enclosing the porous structure, which is interposed between two major surfaces of the barrier wall, and where, at outside ambient temperature and pressure, a pressure between less than 105 Pa and more than 10−2 Pa prevails. The barrier wall is thermoformed at said the two major surfaces, between which the porous structure is bent-shaped and/or has reliefs and/or depressions.

The present invention concerns a three-dimensional thermoformed element.

Many lining elements, typically an inner lining, as in a vehicle, such as an aircraft, train, ship or automobile, are already used for protection purposes, typically thermal and/or acoustic protection, or as a fire barrier element.

For this type of elements, which are typically molded, problems still exist both in terms of structural realization and conditions of use. For example, there are elements with compounds in powder and/or porous form, which pose problems of dispersion and/or handling. Structural problems may also arise, for example, in the context of compromises to be made between requirements for protection (e.g. thermal and/or acoustic and/or fire barrier as mentioned above) on the one hand and volume and/or weight on the other, especially when mounting in cramped and/or difficult-to-access locations. Special shape requirements may also be established.

For example, in an automobile, the floor and walls connecting the passenger compartment to the boot space and the passenger compartment to the engine space are lined with insulating molded parts. These molded parts must be adapted to chassis parts that are sometimes complex, irregular in mechanical strength and/or protective capacity.

Some three-dimensional molded parts, e.g. for sound insulation, may be produced from PU foam (polyurethane). However, this is relatively expensive. In addition, PU foam is also difficult to recycle. Molded parts made from conventional fiber mats, which are manufactured from fibrous material by rollers, are only suitable to a limited degree. Fiber mats may only be used for slightly deformed parts. In addition, due to the lamination method, they do not have a uniform density distribution. Consequently, they often do not meet the geometric and acoustic requirements imposed on these special molded parts.

Within this framework, and in order to provide an adaptable solution for different demanding environments, an assembly is proposed here comprising:

-   -   a structural element (or structural member) interposed between         an outside environment and an internal volume to be thermally         and/or acoustically protected,     -   and an inner lining element of the structural element , the         inner lining element comprising at least one said vacuum,         thermal insulating element comprising:         -   a compressed porous structure, defining a first porous             structure comprising a porous material having a first             density,         -   an airtightly sealed envelope:             -   comprising a thermoformable airtight barrier wall,             -   in which envelope is enclosed the porous structure whose                 shape is followed by the barrier wall, and             -   in which envelope, at outside ambient temperature and                 ambient pressure, a pressure between less than 10⁵Pa and                 more than 10⁻² Pa prevails, the inner lining member                 further comprising a second porous structure comprising                 the same or a different porous material having a second                 density, the second density being lower than the first                 density, the first and second porous structures being                 superimposed.

Thus, thermal insulation and acoustic insulation are usefully coupled.

The expression “inner lining element” has the meaning:

-   -   element located radially inside the structural element, and         lining it, or,     -   element located inside a volume, or a cavity, of the structural         element, while lining this element.

In fact, and in a conventional way, the porous structure will be interposed between two major surfaces of said barrier wall.

“Major surface” is to be understood in conjunction with “minor (or marginal) surface”, which is the area where the sheets (or portions of sheets) forming the barrier wall are interbonded and sealed together to close the envelope. Complementarily, the two “major surfaces” together form the area (the larger: major) of the envelope bounded by this sealing zone and which forms the active (thermally insulating) part of the envelope.

“Porous” (porous) refers to a material (or structure) having interstices allowing the passage of air. Porous, open-cell materials therefore include foams but also fibrous materials (such as glass or rock wool). The passage interstices, which may be described as pores, have sizes smaller than 1 or 2 mm so that good thermal insulation may be guaranteed, and preferably smaller than 10 microns.

The porous structure may include or be made of polymeric fibers, mineral fibers or natural fibers. The term fibers is to be understood in a conventional way. These are elongated elements with a length L (which corresponds to its largest dimension) and, transverse to this length, a section where the fibre has a main dimension d (such as a width or a diameter), with a ratio such as L≥5d, and preferably L≥10d.

The porous structure may be of a textile nature, which would provide a structuring effect, resulting in a fairly light element with a wide variety of shapes.

The thermoformable barrier wall may be similar to a film, with a thickness between 50 and 200 microns. But it could be thicker.

According to the conventional definition, the envelope will then be a flexible object whose shape (like its material: the film) and the shape of the porous structure it surrounds will adapt to each other. A synonym would then be: bag or pocket.

Of course, the envelope surrounds the porous structure by covering it completely.

It is also proposed:

-   -   that the structural element and said at least one thermal         insulating element be (may be) in three dimensions (3D), thus         presenting a curved shape and/or reliefs and/or depressions(or         recesses),     -   that the porous, three-dimensional structure is (may be)         bent-shaped and/or has (may have) reliefs and/or depressions(or         recesses), and     -   that then the bending and/or the reliefs and/or the depressions         of at least one said thermal insulating element are engaged at         least partly with the curved shape and/or the reliefs and/or the         depressions of the structural element, to substantially follow         at least part of the contour thereof.

If this is the case, the thermoformed barrier wall will have a double effect: that of increasing the thermal protection of the said element, due to the depression created in the envelope, and that of mechanically maintaining (or freezing) the 3D shape.

It is also proposed that the envelope, with a porous structure in three dimensions, as the said at least one thermal insulating element :

-   -   locally, one or more heat exchange zone(s) with a refrigerant or         heat transfer fluid,     -   and/or one or more privileged zones where a heat exchange to be         controlled between the outside environment and the said internal         volume has been identified,     -   and/or zone(s) of lesser thickness (e1) located away from the         zone(s) where the envelope is airtightly sealed,     -   and/or a local charge of a phase change material (PCM),     -   and/or a local loading of a thermal insulation where the said         preferred heat exchange zone(s) is/are located,     -   and/or an overdensity of porous material relative to other areas         of porous material, where the preferred area(s) of attachment         and/or where the preferred area(s) of attachment and/or where         the area(s) of lesser thickness (e1) are located.

Thus, an adaptation to local configurations by associating a 3D shape to such configurations will be reached.

To maintain(freeze) its shape, once deformed, the three-dimensional porous structure (thus non-planar) may or may not contain a binder (chemical implication).

The combination in particular between a film as mentioned above and the porous structure will make it possible both to achieve and to maintain over time a 3D shape that is both light, with interesting thermal and/or acoustic characteristics, or even mechanically solid, depending on the density(s) of the porous structure selected.

In particular with a thermoformable barrier wall such as a film, it is recommended that the thermoformed wall has a breaking strength greater than 1 MPa, and preferably between 10 MPa and 300 MPa.

Thus, especially in the absence of a binder, the wall will be able to impose on the porous structure the expected 3D shape, forcing it to deform from its initial raw shape, typically a 2D shape.

In particular with a porous structure comprising or consisting of fibers, and to complete the compromise between lightness/structuring/ease of fabrication/functionalization(s) possible within the envelope, it is however also proposed that the porous structure may include a binder, so that, in the case of fibers, a matrix is formed where said fibers will be bonded together at their contact or crossing areas. However, this is not mandatory. Both hypotheses are discussed in more detail below.

If present, and for the same purpose as above, the binder will preferably comprise a glue and/or adhesive.

In addition, such an element will easily lend itself to targeted functional applications, in particular due to the structuring provided by the porous structure.

Therefore, it is proposed that the said thermoformed element may additionally comprise, in the envelope, a thermal insulation, so that at ambient temperature and pressure, the thermoformed element has, through the barrier wall, a coefficient of thermal conductivity (A) lower than 30 mW/m·K.

In the application, ambient temperature and pressure mean 20° C. and 10⁵ Pa, respectively, +/−10%.

It may be relevant that (at least) a phase change material (PCM) is provided in the envelope.

The combined use of a porous structure and dispersed particles for the PCM(s) and/or the thermal insulation will make it possible to obtain, in an industrially feasible way in series, a variable concentration of these components that the binder will fix and unite.

With a porous structure as above, and whether or not there is thermal insulation and/or MCP, the said element will favorably present, +/−5%, a thickness between 0.8 and 20 mm, and a density between 5 and 350 Kg/m³.

Preferably, the pore volume (void space) will be between 80 and 99% (by volume).

With or without binder, another aspect provides that the invention allows the said element to be adapted to its operational environment, and in particular to obtain:

-   -   that the porous structure is interposed between two major         surfaces (S1 ,S2 hereafter) of said barrier wall,     -   that the barrier wall is thermoformed at the location of said         two major surfaces,     -   that said thermoformed element has first zones with a first         thickness and second zones with a second thickness less than the         first thickness,     -   and that the second zones have a higher density of porous         material than the density of porous material of the first zones.

In this way, it is easy to vary the thermal conductivity and/or mechanical strength in the direction of thickness, albeit to a limited extent, but without necessarily having to add fillers in the textile structure (MCP or thermal insulating material such as aerogel; see below).

In particular, for example to thermally manage a vehicle battery pack (electric accumulators), it is also proposed:

-   -   whether the structural element is a part of the vehicle body or         a protective plate attached,     -   that the inner lining element is thus interposed between the         outside environment and a cooling plate of a battery pack for         the electrical supply of the vehicle disposed in the interior         volume, which vehicle is of the hybrid or all-electric type,         said at least one thermal insulating element being sandwiched         between the protective plate and the cooling plate, which         comprises channels for the circulation of a cooling fluid         disposed in heat exchange with the battery pack.

And, to ensure an efficient compromise between the thermal management of this battery pack, for example, and the mechanical constraints (protection and resistance) and available space, it is still proposed:

-   -   that the cooling plate has reliefs and depressions, at least         some of which are defined by the cooling fluid circulation         channels,     -   that the structural element has said reliefs and depressions,     -   that said thermal insulating element also has said reliefs and         depressions,     -   said respective reliefs of the thermal insulating element are         then engaged with the respective depressions of the cooling         plate and the structural element, and     -   that the respective depressions of this thermal insulating         element are engaged with the respective reliefs of the cooling         plate and the structural element.

In another application, it is proposed that in the assembly:

-   -   the structural element may be a door panel, metal, composite or         plastic, which defines a structural frame of an automobile door,         and     -   that the assembly then includes in addition:         -   at an exterior side of the structural element, a door panel             metal sheet defining an exterior door skin(or body) that is             attached to the structural element, and,         -   at an inner side of the structural element, an interior trim             attached to the structural element, such that the interior             lining member comprising said thermal insulating element is             interposed between the door panel metal sheet and the             interior trim.

This will improve insulation without penalizing either weight or bulk.

Another relevant application, with comparable advantages, is where:

-   -   the structural element would comprise a body portion of a motor         vehicle surrounding a passenger compartment of the vehicle, and     -   the assembly would further comprise, from the structural element         to said at least one thermal insulating element, a layer of air         and then another part of structural element.

Another relevant application, again with comparable advantages, is where:

-   -   the structural element would comprise an aircraft fuselage         portion surrounding a passenger compartment, and     -   the assembly would further comprise, between the structural         element and said at least one thermal insulating element, a         layer of air at least 20 mm thick.

Another relevant application, again with comparable advantages, is one in which the structural element would include:

-   -   exterior panels belonging to a part of the aircraft fuselage         and, attached to them internally,     -   frames and/or rails and/or stringers, which would be         individually surrounded by at least one said thermal insulating         element and by said second porous structure.

To facilitate handling, storage and safety, it is also proposed that the thermal insulating element and the second porous structure be enclosed together in a second envelope which will typically be a film (thickness less than 1/10 mm) and which may be a fire wall (meeting the following specifications: UL94 V0 and/or FAR 25.856; then with further enhanced safety).

For compactness and mechanical/energy performance, the second porous structure may be bent-shaped and/or may have reliefs and/or depressions.

The thermal insulating element and the second porous structure will typically be interposed between two said major surfaces of said wall, which will then be thermoformed at the location of said two major surfaces.

The invention will if necessary be better understood and other details, characteristics and advantages of the invention may appear when reading the following description made as a non-limiting example with reference to the appended drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a section of a part corresponding to the above-mentioned element according to the invention, this view being completed by a local enlargement;

FIG. 2 corresponds to the local enlargement of FIG. 1, with, however, the addition of thermal insulation in the porous structure;

FIG. 3 corresponds to the cut section of FIG. 1, this time with the addition of MCP particles in the porous structure;

FIG. 4 is also a planar section of a part corresponding to the above-mentioned element according to the invention, with over-densification in the porous structure at the periphery, likewise for the sections of FIGS. 5 and 6, where the element illustrated, according to the invention, is however either provided with local over-densification in heat insulation particles (FIG. 5) and PCM particles (FIG. 6), respectively, the identical section of FIG. 7 corresponding to a porous structure without binder,

FIG. 8 schematizes an example of a rough porous structure, in a hypothesis without binder, as used when it is placed in the shaping mould,

FIG. 9 schematizes an application to an automobile door, and,

FIG. 10 shows an exploded diagram of a battery insulation solution, with nested shapes, thus saving heat and space,

FIGS. 11, then 12,13 schematize two moulds for manufacturing a thermoformed assembly in three dimensions, and FIG. 14 schematizes an assembly (in section) with reinforced thermal and acoustic capacities, with double pockets, one inside the other, and double thickness of insulation,

FIGS. 15-17 schematize a variant application; FIG. 17 shows Section XVII-XVII in the circled area of FIG. 16, with local enlargement at the arrowed location;

FIGS. 18-19 schematize another application variant; FIG. 19 illustrates in section, as in FIG. 17, the circled area XIX of FIG. 18, which shows a fuselage area at different depths to make the layers that make up the fuselage more visible; and

FIG. 20 shows a sectional drawing of yet another application variant.

We have thus represented, in FIG. 1, a three-dimensional thermoformed set 1, of the PIV type (vacuum insulation panel).

This set includes:

-   -   a porous structure 5 in three dimensions, and     -   an external envelope 7 comprising (or consisting of) a wall 7 a.

It will have been understood that the expression “in three dimensions” (3D) is equivalent, as in the common sense, to not (integrally) plane. The thermoformed set 1, like thus the fibrous textile structure 5, is represented bended; but they could also present common local reliefs and/or depressions, as for example in zones respectively 25, 27 in FIG. 7, or in FIGS. 5,6 (zones 21,23). These depressions and reliefs (or bumps) may be called “embossings”.

The porous structure 5 will be advantageously based on powder or a fibrous textile structure and thus will include polymeric fibers, mineral fibers (glass, basalt for example) or natural fibers (cellulose, flax, hemp for example). The fibrous textile structure 5 is then a woven or non-woven fabric. A felt will be interesting for its intrinsic compression (felt is a compressed, non-woven structure obtained by pressing and agglutinating fibers). In addition to this intrinsic compression, the felt would advantageously be compressed later in the shaping mould (30 a or 30 b below; FIGS. 11-13). An aerogel is also possible, but if compression of the porous structure is not in its favour. Avoid using foam that loses its thermal insulation quality after a certain degree of compression.

Felt, or more generally the fibrous textile structure 5, may be presented as a slab (see FIG. 8: e<<L) or a block (e<I<L). The shape will typically be 2D (flat). A chemical binder is not required (solution of FIG. 8).

Wall 7 a is thermoformable, in the sense that it then comprises a polymer film that has been thermoformed: polymer alone or metal lined, such as a complex or composite film: metallized PET film where PET has been sprayed with aluminum.

The polymer film (alone or thus metal-backed) 7 a will have been thermoformed at the location of the two major (or main) surfaces, S1 and S2 FIG. 3 or 6 (surfaces opposite each other, in dashed lines), between which the fibrous textile structure 5, which is three-dimensional, is bent-shaped and/or has reliefs 21 and/or depressions 23. This thermoforming of the polymeric film 7 a will thus not have been limited, as in a 2D flat piece, to the minor/marginal peripheral zone in terms of surface area (zones 7 b FIGS. 1,3 since these are sections) where there is inter-bonding of the sheets forming the wall 7 a and where these sheets are sealed together, typically heat-welded, to close the envelope.

Envelope 7 contains in a closed manner the porous structure 5; and its wall 7 a follows the shape of this porous structure, where it faces it (major surfaces S1 and S2).

As shown in FIG. 8, the porous structure 5 will look favorably as at least one plate differing from a block in that there is then a ratio of at least five between the thickness e3 and the length (L3) and width (I3).

As mentioned above, the sealing of the wall 7 a on itself may have consisted of gluing or welding. This confirms that, in the set 1 formed in three dimensions, the porous structure 5 and the envelope 7 retain, as initially, their respective structural identities. They are not fused together. They remain distinctly identifiable; they are structurally independent of each other: It is possible to cut the envelope 7 and remove it from its position around the fibrous structure 5 without having to tear it off. It is therefore not a coating or surface layer (coating as in U.S. Pat. No. 4,035,215).

If it is a “film”, material 7 a will have a favorable thickness between 30 and 800 microns, preferably between 50 and 150 microns.

In the case of a porous structure 5, e.g. fibers 3 without binder (see below and FIG. 8, in a raw form of the product, before wrapping and thermoforming) but joined in a felt, it is recommended that set 1 has a maximum thickness of less than or equal to 20 mm, preferably 8 mm and preferably 3 mm. And if a 7 a thermoformed polymer-based film is used, it is recommended that it then has a tensile strength such that the desired integrity of the 3D shape is maintained (freezed).

This tensile strength (“tensile strength”, often abbreviated as (TS), or “ultimate strength”, Ftu) of a typical 7 a film, whether in a version after the above-mentioned thermoforming step, or before (state of this film as marketed before its implementation in accordance with the present invention), will be favorably higher than 1 MPa, and preferably between 10 MPa and 300 MPa and even more preferably between 50 MPa and 100 MPa.

If these characteristics are not respected, the relatively free character of the porous structure 5 and the mechanical resistance of the envelope 7, whose thermoforming will thus have fixed a common “3D” shape by constraint of the said structure and softening of the film 7 a, will not be able to ensure that the thermoformed assembly 1 maintains(freezes) its 3D shape over time:

-   -   following the relaxation of stress of the porous structure after         thermoforming,     -   and the wrapping film will not be able to prevent this.

Hence a possible preference for a slightly thicker metal 7 a wall.

As will also be seen in connection with FIG. 6, it is also possible with such characteristics to obtain that the assembly 1 has first zones 10 a 1 with a first thickness el and second zones 10 b 1 with a second thickness e2 greater than the first thickness e1 (e1<e2), the first zones 10 a 1 having a higher pore structure density 5 than the second zones 10 b 1 have; see FIG. 7, where, if the maximum thickness is assumed to be e2, e2≤8 mm and preferably e2≤3 mm are shown.

If the porous structure 5 is free of binder 9, the respective densities of porous material 3 in the first zones 10 a 1 and second zones 10 b 1 will each be uniform (equal) throughout the respective thicknesses e1, e2. These density variations between zones such as 10 a 1, 10 b 1 may be achieved by starting from different thicknesses of these zones from each other (respectively e1+X and e2+X). The globally uniform compression on the outer surface of the porous structure 5, created during the thermoforming of the barrier wall 7 a, will allow the above-mentioned thicknesses, e1 and e2 respectively, to be achieved.

As a second hypothesis, it is therefore possible that a chemical binder is present in the porous structure 5. Once compressed/formed in 3D, the porous material 3 will then keep this state by itself. The manufacturing technique may be that of EP-A-2903800, a fibrous structure and a manufacturing process are known from the documents DE 103 24 735. Epoxy or phenolic resin may be used as binder 9.

In this case, it may be assumed that the formed unit 1 has a maximum thickness e,e2,e3 of more than 3 mm. Binder 9 is used both to shape the porous structure 5 (during thermoforming) and to maintain its shape integrity over time.

When using a heat-reactive binder 9, such as polypropylene or phenolic resin, the porous material should be heated so that the porous material melts and a rigid, non-deformable molded part is formed.

With or without binder 9, the forming of set 1 may be done in a forming mold 30 a or 30 b (FIGS. 11-13) such that:

-   -   a) the material of the raw structure 5, in a priori 2D form         (plate or block in particular; in one or more pieces) and in a         compressed state (as is for example a felt), is first interposed         between two major surfaces S1,S2 of the said barrier wall 7 a,         as shown in FIG. 12,     -   b) then, by contact between the two minor (peripheral) surfaces         7 b 1,7 b 2 (cf. FIG. 1, thus smaller surfaces than the major         surfaces mentioned above and which together form the said         minor/marginal peripheral surface or zone) of this wall 7 a, the         envelope 7 is closed in an airtight manner,     -   c) and a reduced pressure is established between less than 10⁵         Pa and more than 10⁻² Pa,     -   d) furthermore, once the envelope 7 is closed, the porous         structure 5 is given the expected three-dimensional shape,         showing bending and/or reliefs 21 and/or depressions 23, by         pressing the envelope against said mold, thus allowing         deformation of the barrier wall 7 a and the porous structure 5.

Although an all-metal 7 a wall of a few tenths of a mm thickness may be suitable, it may be preferable, in step a), to choose a thermoformable wall and then, in step d), to heat this wall so that the two heated major surfaces S1,S2 soften. This ductility is then used to shape the wall 7 a and the material of structure 5 under pressure by means of casting, after which it is allowed to cool.

If the polymer film option 7 a is chosen, it may be a polyimide or PEEK film, or polyethylene, or polypropylene.

In step d), the molding may include a casting between a male element 340 a and a female element 340 b of a mold 30 a, for bending and/or embossing, as shown in FIG. 11.

However, to facilitate the making of the shapes, it may be proposed a deformation by pressure against a mold 30 b including:

-   -   a molding between:         -   a male element or female element, both for bending and/or             embossing, 340 a or 340 b, from which a first of said two             major surfaces S1,52 is approached, and         -   a deformable membrane 340 c which, by depression (arrow F             FIG. 13), will be applied against the second of said two             major surfaces S1,S2,     -   and a heating, up to the thermoforming temperature of the         polymer barrier film 7 a,         this until the porous structure 5, interposed between the male         element or female element and the membrane 340 c (which will         substantially conform to the shape), be given a         three-dimensional shape, bent-shaped and/or having the         aforementioned reliefs and/or depressions, as shown in FIG. 13.

The deformable membrane 340 c may be made of flexible plastic or rubber-based material that can withstand a temperature of 140 to 200° C.

To the above assembly 1, at least one thermal insulator 11 may be usefully added in the envelope 7, so that at ambient temperature and pressure, assembly 1 presents, through the film 7 a, a coefficient of thermal conductivity (A) lower than 40 mW/m·K, and preferably lower than 20 mW/m·K; see FIG. 2.

In addition, with the protective wall 7 a, the thermal insulation 11 may then be usefully dispersed in structure 5.

With thermal insulation 11 in the form of particles, a variable concentration may be achieved at different locations.

This is also possible if at least one phase-change material (PCM) is also present in the envelope 7, which may be dispersed in structure 5 (FIG. 3).

FIGS. 4-6 show preferred, operational examples of variable densification/dispersions of material 3 and particles 11 and/or 13, in the porous structure 5, under the envelope 7.

In the example in FIG. 4, structure 5 includes, peripherally, overdensification or overconcentration e.g. in fibers 3 and (particles of) MCP 13. The overdensification in material 3 is located around the attachment areas of part 1 corresponding to the through-passages (circles), some of which are referenced 15. This overdensification may result from an initial dosing, e.g. of fibers, which is higher in some areas than in others. It may also result from a higher compression in some areas than in others.

In the example in FIG. 5, structure 5 of part 1 is thinner in part 10 a 2 (thickness e1) than it is in part(s) 10 b 2 (thickness e2). It is in part 10 a 2 finer that there is over-densification or over-concentration in (particles of) thermal insulation 11, to compensate for the lesser thickness and maintain homogeneous thermal conductivity.

In the example shown in FIG. 6, the porous structure 5 of part 1 is overloaded with material 3 (e.g. increased fiber density) in zones 10 c, where the part may be fixed, e.g. by means of rods 17, and where the part has corners, i.e. areas of potential mechanical weakness. Like zones 15, zones 10 c define integrated zones of reinforcement or mechanical structuring, without the need for external reinforcement.

In zone(s) 10 d the structure 5 is (over)loaded with MCP 13, where part 1 has one or more heat exchange zone(s) with a refrigerant or heat transfer fluid 19. Thus, the areas of (over)densification or (over)concentration of particles and/or fibers may be precisely and appropriately located where required.

As already mentioned, a notable field of application of the invention is that of vehicles. The three-dimensional assembly formed 1 may in particular define there an internal lining element of a structural element, said structural element separating between them an outside environment and an internal volume to be insulated or thermally and/or acoustically protected from this outside environment, this with constraints of exiguous volume, particular shapes and/or weight to be limited as much as possible.

Thus one can see FIG. 9 an example of assembly 30, in a vehicle 31 (here an automobile, but it could be an aircraft, in particular an aircraft cabin). This assembly includes:

-   -   a structural element 33 interposed between an outside         environment (EXT;35) of an internal volume (INT;37) of the         vehicle, this internal volume (typically the passenger         compartment of the vehicle) being to be thermally and/or         acoustically protected from the outside environment 35, and     -   an inner lining element 39 for lining the structural element 33,         the inner lining element comprising the set 1 as above.

The lining element 39 is thus interposed between volumes 35 and 37.

The structural element 33 may be a door panel, made of metal, of composite (i.e. composed of several materials; for example a mixture of synthetic resin and mineral, natural or synthetic fibers) or of plastic. It defines in the example the structural frame of a car door. At the exterior side, a door panel metal sheet 41 may be attached to it, for defining the exterior body of the door. At the interior side (passenger side), an interior trim panel 43 may be attached to it, so that assembly 1 is interposed between the metal sheet 41 and the interior trim 43.

The bending and/or reliefs 21 and/or recesses 23 of element 1 are engaged at least in part with the complementary curved shape and/or recesses 231 and/or reliefs 211 of the structural element 33, so that they respectively substantially conform to at least part of the contour thereof; see FIG. 9.

In the totally closed envelope 7 of this element 1 may be found, as shown in FIGS. 5,6 (which may be considered as two respective cuts, in the direction of thickness, at two different places of the surface defined by set 1, see hatching FIG. 9):

-   -   at least one priority area 10 d where a heat exchange to be         controlled between the outside environment 35 and the internal         volume 37 has been identified,     -   and/or at least one zone (10 a) of lesser thickness (e1),     -   and/or 10 c attachment zone(s), where assembly 1 is attached to         structure 33.

These attachments to structural element 33 may include screwing, riveting or other fasteners, for example, via rods 17.

And the envelope 7 will then also contain at least one of:

-   -   a filler of (particles of) a phase change material 13 (PCM)         and/or a filler of (particles of) a thermal insulator 11, where         the said preferred heat exchange zone(s) 10 d is/are located,     -   and/or an overload of material 3, where the attachment zone(s)         is located and/or where the zone(s) of lesser thickness (e1) is         located.

Rather than, as shown in FIG. 6, where a filler of (particles of) MCP 13 is therefore found in the envelope 7 where part 1 has one or more heat exchange zone(s) with a refrigerant or heat transfer medium 19, a filler or overfill with thermal insulation 11 (such as at least one layer of polyurethane) is preferred here, or polyester fibres dispersed in the porous structure), where the preferred heat exchange zone(s) 10 d is located, i.e. where one or more zones have been identified, in the direction of the thickness (e) of the envelope 7, where the local thermal conductivity coefficient (A) is higher than a predefined threshold, between volumes 35 and 37.

In FIG. 10, another advanced assembly conforming to the invention has been schematized.

The environment is that of part of the body 44 of an all-electric or hybrid motor vehicle 45 or of a protective plate 33 a fixed to the battery compartment 36 and/or the body 44 of the vehicle (body and chassis of the vehicle may be confused). An electric battery pack 47 for the electrical supply of the vehicle, contained in the closed compartment 36, is to be installed:

-   -   in the interior volume 37,     -   or in the immediate vicinity of it, for example outside just         under the box 44, in the said compartment 36, via for example         the protective plate 33 a which can be fixed to the box, under         it, by screwing.

The above-mentioned structural element 33 may therefore be defined by a protective plate 33 a. The metal plate 33 a extends like a floor (or is a part of it) and provides protection against, for example, scratches. A part of it can be seen in FIG. 10.

The above-mentioned inner lining element 39 is in the example defined by one or more trays 390 comprising one or more elements 1, with a 3D shape (here partly bent-shaped), interposed between the outside environment 35 and a cooling plate 41 of the battery pack 47.

The cooling plate 41 comprises channels 49 for the circulation of a cooling fluid arranged in heat exchange with the battery pack 47. In communication with a heat exchanger 51 located further in the vehicle, the coolant flows through channels 49 via an inlet 49 a and outlet 49 b that communicate with channels 49. The underside of the support plate 53, on which the electric battery pack 47 rests, forms a cover for the channels 49, which rest tightly against it by their edges. In addition or alternatively the support plate 53 may be part of the battery compartment in which the battery pack 47 is enclosed. To form a thermal barrier to the outside environment 35, especially for battery pack 47, the (each) thermally insulating element 1 is sandwiched between plate 33 a and cooling plate 41.

With its lower side 41 a and upper side 41 b being the mirror image of each other, plate 41 has reliefs and depressions, at least some of which are defined by channels 49 on the upper side. The protective plate 33 a also has reliefs 330 and depressions 331.

And element(s) 1 itself has, as already indicated, said reliefs 210 and depressions 230, here on the two major surfaces (lower and upper) of the thermoformed barrier wall; but these reliefs and depressions are different on the lower and upper faces, since, facing each other, the reliefs and depressions of plate 33 a and plate 41 are different from each other, but complementary to those of element(s) 1.

Therefore, on the said major surfaces of the barrier wall (7 a):

-   -   the respective reliefs of element(s) 1 are engaged with the         respective depressions of plate 41 for cooling and plate 33 a         for protection,     -   and said respective recesses of element(s) 1 are engaged with         the respective reliefs of cooling plate 41 and plate 33 a.

It must also be understood that the solutions that may be associated between the modes of realization, as well as between the figures, are transferable from one realization to another and may thus be associated between them.

Another efficient aspect has been schematized in FIG. 14. This is a solution where both thermal and acoustic problems may be treated in a refined way.

This solution proposes in fact to obtain a reinforced thermal insulation and a relevant acoustic insulation, by associating:

-   -   with a structural element 33 thus separating an outside         environment 35 from an internal volume 37 to be thermally and/or         acoustically protected,     -   an inner lining element 391 of structural element 33, element         391 comprising at least one said thermal insulating element 1.

More precisely, it is first proposed to use the above-mentioned assembly, with the said at least one thermally insulating element 1 comprising its porous structure 5 in its envelope 7 formed by the barrier wall 7 a, as for example in FIG. 4 for a plan view. This wall 7 is always thermoformed at the location of the said two major surfaces (S1, S2) between which the porous structure 5, which is three-dimensional, thus bent-shaped and/or having reliefs and/or depressions, as shown in diagrammatic form.

However, in this solution it is furthermore provided :

-   -   that this porous structure 5 defines a first porous structure         comprising a porous material 5 a having a first density,     -   that the inner lining element 391 further comprises a second         porous structure 50 comprising the same porous material (5 a),         or a different porous material 5 b, having a second density.

The second density is lower than the first density, and the first porous structure 5 is superimposed with the second porous structure 50. Superimposed here means that we have a double thickness: the cumulative thickness of the porous structures 5.50 between zones 35 and 37. Together, superimposed, the two structures may be presented as in FIG. 4, following a plan view, the porous structure 50 being just below the one marked 5 that we see.

The superposition of these structures is not necessarily in a horizontal plane; it may be for example in a vertical plane, as in the example of a car door in FIG. 9. It should be noted in this regard that other applications than on a vehicle are possible; in the building for example.

This being said, one should also note:

-   -   that the second porous structure 50 is bent-shaped and/or has         reliefs 21 and/or depressions 23, and     -   that element 1 thermal insulation and the second porous         structure 50 are:         -   enclosed together in a second envelope 70 with wall 70 a,         -   and interposed between two major surfaces S10,S20 of said             wall 70 a, said wall 70 a being thermoformed at the location             of said two major surfaces S10,S20.

It will have been understood that the two major surfaces S10,S20 are the image on envelope 70 and its wall 70 a of the two major surfaces S1,S2 on envelope 7 and its wall 7 a. The minor/marginal peripheral zone in terms of surface, here 70 b image of 7 b, remains.

The second envelope 70 is not necessarily under vacuum. The second porous structure 50 may be in a third vacuum envelope, itself then housed, together with the first envelope 70, in the second envelope 70.

Typically less compressed than the first porous structure 5, the second porous structure 50 will have a thickness e20 greater than the thickness e10 of the first porous structure 5, this being to be considered everywhere or on most of at least the larger of the surfaces of the two porous structures 5.50.

The thickness e20 may be from 3 to 15 mm. Thickness e10 may be from 0.5 to 2.5 mm. The first density may be from more than 100 to 800 kg/m³; the second density may be from 5 to less than 100 kg/m³.

The first porous structure 5 provides relevant thermal and acoustic insulation. The second porous structure 50 ensures a reinforced thermal insulation and a more limited acoustic insulation in low frequencies, but good in high frequencies. We thus obtain a hybrid solution with a heavy assembly (mass effect) which absorbs in low frequencies (20 to 200 Hz) through the first porous structure 5 and in high frequencies (above 200 Hz) through the second porous structure 50.

Several other applications are still presented below, with reference to FIGS. 15 and following:

(a) Firstly, the applications relative:

-   -   to a part of the vehicle body (30 or 45), such as a roof (or         part of the roof) 60, or more generally     -   to a structure limiting the passenger compartment 61 of a         vehicle.

The uprights or the body and their trim in the passenger compartment are therefore concerned.

The term passenger compartment is to be understood as “space receiving occupants to be transported” and an aircraft is a “vehicle”; therefore an aircraft fuselage is also concerned.

In the example in FIGS. 15-17, it is a angle of the roof that is located. The roof (or part of the roof) 60 comprises successively, in the direction of thickness, from the outside environment 35 to the internal volume 37 (passenger compartment 61):

-   -   the body 63 (which could be the fuselage), a plastic, metal or         composite structural part with, in the interior lining:     -   a layer of air 65 (5 to 15 mm thick; often 8 to 12 mm), then the         assembly already presented including:         -   a structural element 33, as previously interposed between             the outside environment 35 and the internal volume 37 to be             protected,         -   and a said inner lining element 393 of structural element             33, the inner lining element thus comprising at least one             said three-dimensional, vacuum thermal insulating element 1,             the thermal insulating element (1) comprising (not             illustrated)             -   the porous three-dimensional compressed structure 5,             -   the envelope 7 closed in an airtight manner and whose                 barrier wall 7 a (and/or 7 b) is thermoformable,     -   and a soft lining or liner 67.         Typically, the liner 67 may be a fabric (woven or non-woven or         knitted yarns) and is lined on the inside with a layer of foam         69, between barrier wall 7 a and liner 67.

The foam layer 69 and the liner 67 may be 2 to 5 mm thick, together, element 1 thermal insulation 3 to 6 mm, structural element 33 4 to 10 mm.

The structural element 33 (which may be composite) actually forms a second part of the so-called “structural element”, the first part being formed by the outer body 63.

An approximate top view of the roof part 60 of the vehicle, which is lined by the structure shown below, is shown in FIG. 15; the front of the passenger compartment (of the vehicle) is front, the rear is rear; the schematic boundaries are shown in FIG. 15; the thermal insulating element 1 may be in one or more parts to occupy at least most of the surface. The longitudinal axis is X1. Through the part of the roof 60 (and of the thermal insulating element(s) 1, if necessary) may be provided passages 71 a, 71 b, for ceiling lights in the front and rear seats respectively.

Following the XVII-XVII cross section line, roof part 60 is rounded off laterally, in 60 a (idem on the opposite side, in 60 b), in particular. Thus, the porous structure 5, which is three-dimensional, is at least bent-shaped, as shown in FIG. 17, with a detail according to for example FIG. 3 or 14.

(b) Next (see FIGS. 18-20) is that relating to the insulation of an aircraft fuselage 75, insofar as it may be a variant of that of FIGS. 15-17, in the fuselage/aircraft cabin application.

As shown in FIGS. 18,19, a fuselage wall 75 (which is a kind of box) comprises successively, in the direction of thickness, from the outside environment 35 to the internal volume (cockpit) 37:

-   -   as a structural element mentioned above and, as previously,         interposed between the outside environment 35 and the internal         volume 37 to be protected, sheet metal (forming the external         body that may be seen outside the aircraft) 77, typically         metallic or composite structural parts with thus, as an internal         lining:     -   a layer of air 79 (50 to 150 mm thick; often 60 to 100 mm), then         the assembly already presented comprising at least one said         inner lining element (395) of the structural element 77, the         inner lining element thus comprising (although not illustrated         here) at least one said element 1 three-dimensional thermal         insulation, under vacuum, the thermal insulation element 1         comprising:         -   the porous three-dimensional, compressed structure 5,         -   the envelope 7 closed in an airtight manner and whose             barrier wall 7 a (and/or 7 b) is thermoformable, and,     -   a lining (or inner trim) 80 (flexible or not) which is         internally lining said at least one thermal insulating element         1.

Still in the direction of thickness, one may also prefer:

-   -   that a so-called first layer 81 of thermal (for example a bagged         fibrous material) and acoustic insulation material be interposed         between the said at least one thermal insulation element 1 and         the said lining 80 (which forms the “surface” or innermost wall         of the fuselage wall 75/the one you see in the passenger         compartment (known as the “interior” 37/61), and/or     -   that a layer of foam 83 be interposed between the so-called         first layer 81 and the lining 80.

To further strengthen the insulation, a so-called second layer 85 of thermal and acoustic insulation may be interposed between sheets 77 and the air layer 79.

Typical thickness of the sheets 77 is 1.5 to 3 mm; the first and second layers 81,85 are 15 to 30 mm thick.

Apart from the plates 77, at least part of the above-mentioned elements (thus forming the set 75 FIGS. 18-19) may be separated from the plates, still in the thickness direction, by frames 89 (including 890 porthole frames 95) and/or, rails 91 and/or stringers 93.

As for the part of the roof 60, following a cutting line parallel to the thickness of the overall fuselage wall 75, this wall has a curved shape, as illustrated in FIGS. 18-19, or even reliefs and/or depressions, for example at the place (around) portholes 95. Thus, there again, in particular the porous structure 5, which is in three dimensions, is at least bent-shaped, as it was schematized at the place of the tearing off FIG. 19.

(c) Then again (see FIG. 20) is schematized a realization relative again to the insulation of a fuselage 75, but at the place of frames 89; it could however be rails 91, or stringers 93, all fixed (for example by welding) with the plates 77 which cover them.

In a conventional way, the most structuring structures are the spars 93 which, like the rails 91, extend parallel to the longitudinal axis (aircraft axis) X2. Frames 89 extend circumferentially, around the X2 axis.

In this case, the said “structural element” of the insulation assembly already presented is considered to be the assembly formed by the outer body (defined by sheet metal 77) and the frames, or rails or stringers, fixed with radially inward. As shown in the diagram, the proposed solution is to equip at least part of this assembly by insulating individually the frames in the example, each with an inner lining element comprising at least one said three-dimensional, vacuum thermal insulating element 1, the thermal insulating element 1 still comprising:

-   -   the porous three-dimensional, compressed 5 structure,     -   the envelope 7 closed in an airtight manner and whose barrier         wall is thermoformable.

Thermal insulating element 1 may be covered with an aesthetic coating 99 (such as a liner) which may be found in 101 as an inner lining of the outer body/sheet 77.

In the example, the insulated parts (frames 89) protrude radially inward from the sheets 77. Each thermal insulating element 1 extends around the accessible part of the frame concerned. It may be conformed to the shape of the frame because the barrier wall 7 a (and/or 7 b; not shown) has been thermoformed and the porous structure 5 (idem) is three-dimensional and has been shaped by compression. The two elements 1 and 89 are then engaged one within the other.

The result is a solution that combines efficient insulation, light weight, small dimensions, ease of installation and maintenance.

Between the insulated part (frame 89) considered and the thermal insulation element 1 that extends around it, one may even interpose a layer of traditional insulation 97 (such as glass wool) whose maintenance in place is facilitated/assured by the fixed shape of the thermal insulation element 1, which may be fixed to the said insulated part (frame 89), by gluing or other means.

In terms of fixing or holding, the cohesion between the elements of the roof part 60 or the fuselage structure 75 may for example be ensured by gluing and/or screwing, with the presence of spacers if necessary.

The assembly is made up of two layered structures wrapped or not in a bag 70:

-   -   the first structure (element 5) is a porous material (density         more than 100 to 800 kg/m³) in a vacuum envelope of the PIV         type,     -   the second structure (element 50) is a porous material of very         (more) low density (from 5 to less than 100 kg/m³) with good         thermal insulation properties and good sound absorption         properties in high frequencies (above 200 Hz).

The combination of these materials allows a good compromise of thermo-acoustic insulation.

It should be noted that the solution described in connection with FIG. 14, or with the said first and second porous structures claimed, may find an application in the solution of FIGS. 18-20 or its generalization as claimed:

-   -   cold frame (or equivalent): a low-density insulating element         (such as a block, e.g. glass wool) packed with PIV 5/7 in a 70         fire-rated 70 a film envelope (meeting UL94 V0 and/or FAR 25.856         specifications) is attached to frames 89 and/or at least one         metal sheet panel 77, to ensure the expected thermo-acoustic         properties;     -   fuselage: an insulating element (e.g. glass wool, corresponding         to said second porous structure 50 and comprising a porous         material 5 a or 5 b), assimilable to the first insulation layer         81 packed in PIV 5(5a)/7, in a envelope 70 having a fireproof         film 70 a, is fixed to the frames, rails or stringers and/or to         at least one metal sheet panel 77 and/or to the trim or lining         80, to ensure the expected thermo-acoustic properties;

In the application to the passenger compartment wall as shown in FIGS. 15-17, or its claimed transposition, the outer envelope 70 having film 70 a is optional: the PIV defined by element 5 in its watertight envelope 7 is combined with the insulation formed by the said second porous structure 50 (e.g. glass wool or foam) attached for example to the lateral ends of the roof (mechanical or chemical attachment). The air layer 65 may be established by means of spacers, not shown.

Although not shown, element 1 for the thermal insulation of the solutions shown in connection with FIGS. 15-20 may advantageously be supplemented so that the inner lining element (392 FIGS. 17,19,20) additionally comprises a second porous structure 50 comprising the same porous material 5 a, or a different porous material 5 b, having a second density, the second density being lower than the first density and the first and second porous structures (5,50) being superimposed, as shown in FIG. 14. 

1. An automobile door including: an assembly comprising: a structural element interposed between an outside environment and an internal volume to be thermally and/or acoustically protected, the structural element forming a panel, made of metal, composite or plastic, which defines a structural frame for the door, and an inner lining member for lining the structural element, the inner lining member comprising at least one vacuum, thermal insulating element comprising: a compressed porous structure defining a first porous structure comprising a porous material having a first density, an envelope closed in an airtight manner: comprising a barrier wall which is thermoformable and airtight, in which envelope is enclosed the porous structure whose shape is followed by the barrier wall, and in which envelope, at outside ambient temperature and outside ambient pressure, a pressure ranging from less than 10⁵ Pa to more than 10⁻² Pa prevails, the inner lining member further comprising a second porous structure comprising the same porous material, or a different porous material, having a second density, the second density being lower than the first density, the first and second porous structures being superimposed, at an outer side of the structural element, a door panel metal sheet defining an outer body of the door and which is attached to the structural element, and, at an inner side of the structural element, an interior trim fixed to the structural element so that the inner lining member including said thermal insulating element is interposed between the door panel metal sheet and the interior trim.
 2. A part of an hybrid vehicle or all-electric vehicle including a body, said part comprising: an assembly comprising: a structural element interposed between an outside environment and an internal volume to be thermally and/or acoustically protected, the structural element being a part of the vehicle body or a protective tray to be fixed to the vehicle body and/or to a compartment receiving a battery pack for an electric supply of the vehicle, to be disposed into the internal volume, and an inner lining member for lining the structural element, the inner lining member comprising at least one vacuum, thermal insulating element comprising: a compressed porous structure defining a first porous structure comprising a porous material having a first density, an envelope closed in an airtight manner: comprising a barrier wall which is thermoformable and airtight, in which envelope is enclosed the porous structure whose shape is followed by the barrier wall, and in which envelope, at outside ambient temperature and outside ambient pressure, a pressure ranging from less than 10⁵ Pa to more than 10⁻² Pa prevails, the inner lining member further comprising a second porous structure comprising the same porous material, or a different porous material, having a second density, the second density being lower than the first density, the first and second porous structures being superimposed, and, a cooling plate of said battery pack, the inner lining member being interposed between the outside environment and the cooling plate, the thermal insulating element being sandwiched between the protective plate, or the vehicle body, and the cooling plate, which comprises channels for circulating a cooling fluid disposed in heat exchange with the battery pack.
 3. The part according to claim 2, wherein: the cooling plate has reliefs and depressions, at least some of which are defined by the cooling fluid channels, the structural element has said reliefs and depressions, said at least one thermal insulating element has said projections and depressions on both major surfaces of said barrier wall, and, on said major surfaces of said barrier wall: said respective reliefs of said at least one thermal insulating element are engaged with respective depressions of the cooling plate and the structural element, said respective recesses of said at least one thermal insulating element are engaged with the respective reliefs of the cooling plate and the structural element.
 4. A body of a motor vehicle surrounding a passenger compartment of the motor vehicle and including: a) an assembly comprising: a structural element interposed between an outside environment and an internal volume to be thermally and/or acoustically protected, the structural element comprising a part of the motor vehicle body, and an inner lining member for lining the structural element, the inner lining member comprising at least one vacuum, thermal insulating element comprising: a compressed porous structure defining a first porous structure comprising a porous material having a first density, an envelope closed in an airtight manner: comprising a barrier wall which is thermoformable and airtight, in which envelope is enclosed the porous structure whose shape is followed by the barrier wall, and in which envelope, at outside ambient temperature and outside ambient pressure, a pressure ranging from less than 10⁵ Pa to more than 10⁻² Pa prevails, the inner lining member further comprising a second porous structure comprising the same porous material, or a different porous material, having a second density, the second density being lower than the first density, the first and second porous structures being superimposed, and b) from the structural element to said at least one thermal insulating element, a layer of air and then another part of the structural element.
 5. The body according to claim 4, wherein the structural element defines a of the roof part of the vehicle or, more generally, a structure limiting the passenger compartment of the motor vehicle.
 6. An aircraft fuselage surrounding a passenger compartment and including: an assembly comprising: a structural element interposed between an outside environment and an internal volume to be thermally and/or acoustically protected, the structural element comprising a part of said aircraft fuselage, and an inner lining member for lining the structural element, the inner lining member comprising at least one vacuum, thermal insulating element comprising: a compressed porous structure defining a first porous structure comprising a porous material having a first density, an envelope closed in an airtight manner: comprising a barrier wall which is thermoformable and airtight, on which envelope is enclosed the porous structure whose shape is followed by the barrier wall, and in which envelope, at outside ambient temperature and outside ambient pressure, a pressure ranging from less than 10⁵ Pa to more than 10⁻² Pa prevails, the inner lining member further comprising a second porous structure comprising the same porous material, or a different porous material, having a second density, the second density being lower than the first density, the first and second porous structures being superimposed, and between the structural element and said at least one thermal insulating element, a layer of air at least 20 mm thick.
 7. An aircraft fuselage surrounding a passenger compartment and including: an assembly comprising: a structural element interposed between an outside environment and an internal volume to be thermally and/or acoustically protected, the structural element comprising frames and/or rails and/or stringers, which are individually surrounded by at least one said thermal insulating element and by a second porous structure, and an inner lining member for lining the structural element, the inner lining member comprising at least one vacuum, thermal insulating element comprising: a compressed porous structure defining a first porous structure comprising a porous material having a first density, an envelope closed in an airtight manner: comprising a barrier wall which is thermoformable and airtight, in which envelope is enclosed the porous structure whose shape is followed by the barrier wall, and in which envelope, at outside ambient temperature and outside ambient pressure, a pressure ranging from less than 10⁵ Pa to more than 10⁻² Pa prevails, the inner lining member further comprising said second porous structure which comprises the same porous material, or a different porous material, having anyway a second density, the second density being lower than the first density, the first and second porous structures being superimposed.
 8. A vehicle including the automobile door according to claim
 1. 9. A vehicle including said hybrid vehicle part or all-electric vehicle part according to claim
 2. 10. A vehicle including said body according to claim
 4. 11. A vehicle including said aircraft fuselage according to claim
 6. 12. The vehicle according to claim 8, wherein the porous structure, which is three-dimensional like said at least one thermal insulating element, is bent-shaped and/or has reliefs and/or depressions, including, in the envelope: locally, one or more zones for heat exchange with a refrigerant or a heat-transfer fluid, and/or zone(s) of lesser thickness located away from zone(s) where the envelope is airtightly sealed, and/or a local charge of a phase change material, and/or a local loading of a thermal insulation where said heat exchange zone(s) is located, and/or an overdensity of porous material in relation to other areas of the porous material, where attachment area(s) is located and/or where the preferred area(s) is located, and/or where the area(s) of lesser thickness is located.
 13. The vehicle according to claim 8, wherein: the porous structure is interposed between two major surfaces of said barrier wall, and the barrier wall is thermoformed at the location of said two major surfaces, and between said two major surfaces of the barrier wall, the porous structure has first zones having a first thickness and second zones having a second thickness less than the first thickness, the second zones having a density of porous material greater than the density of porous material of the first zones.
 14. The vehicle according to claim 8, wherein: the second porous structure is bent-shaped and/or has reliefs and/or depressions, and the thermal insulating element and the second porous structure: are enclosed together in a second envelope having a fire-resistant wall, and are interposed between two major surfaces of said wall, which is thermoformed at the location of said two major surfaces.
 15. An assembly having thermal and acoustic capacities and comprising therefor: a structural element interposed between an outside environment and an internal volume to be thermally and/or acoustically protected, and an inner lining member for lining the structural element, the inner lining member comprising at least one said vacuum, thermal insulating element comprising: a first compressed porous structure comprising a porous material having a first density, an envelope closed in an airtight manner: comprising a barrier wall which is thermoformable and airtight, in which envelope is enclosed the first porous structure whose shape is followed by the barrier wall, and in which envelope, at outside ambient temperature and outside ambient pressure, a pressure ranging from less than 10⁵ Pa to more than 10⁻² Pa prevails, the inner lining member further comprising a second porous structure comprising the same porous material, or a different porous material, having a second density, the second density being lower than the first density, the first and second porous structures being superimposed, said assembly being further such that: the second porous structure has a pressure equal to the outside ambient pressure, or the porous material of the first porous structure has a first density between more than 100 kg/m³ to 800 kg/m³; and the porous material of the second porous structure has a second density between 5 kg/m³ to less than 100 kg/m³. 